Miscellaneous Links

Web Accessibility

The State of Web Accessibility

• Monitoring methodologies for Web Accessibility in the European Union, final report of the study
• Bednar, Lindsay: 92 Percent of Most Popular Federal Government Websites Fail to Meet Basic Standards for Security, Speed, Mobile Friendliness, or Accessibility, New ITIF Study Finds, ITIF, 08.03.2017.
• Lavoie, Jonathan: Handicap visuel : le web toujours largement inaccessible au Québec, Radio Canada, 12.02.2019.
• Schweizer Accessibility-Studie 2016, Zugang für Alle, 2016.
  The Swiss foundation Access for all evaluated the accessibility of one hundred websites by public authorities and closely related companies, and fifteen apps by news portals.
• Fed A11y. Description: Fed A11y monitors the web accessibility of U.S. Federal Government websites using automated scanning software. (14.07.2022)
• Web Accessibility Directive - Monitoring reports, Shaping Europe’s digital future (European Commission), 04.01.2022.
• de Oliveira, Domingos: Die WebAIM-Studie sind 96 Prozent der Webseiten nicht barrierefrei?, Barrierefreiheit | Schulung, Begleitung und Tests, 01.04.2023.
  The author criticises the study because it is nicht aussagekräftig and because if its inaccurate conclusions. Since conformity and accessibility aren't the same thing, the conclusion that 96% of websites are inaccessible is erroneous. All types of violations are given the same weight, as if they all had the same impact. As a consequence, the study's main goal is not information but impact. If a study says that almost all website owners fail to conform to a standard, it would make more sense to conclude that the standard is unattainable. However, if the study finds no issues on 4% of the websites that were checked, that does not mean that these sites are accessible. It is possible that these sites have many issues that cannot be detected automatically.
• de Oliveira, Domingos: Sapera Studio und Co. – Junk-Studien in der Barrierefreiheit, Barrierefreiheit | Schulung, Begleitung und Tests, 29.12.2022.

Accessibility for Designers

• Kramer, Nicholas: A Primer to Web Accessibility for Designers, UX Planet on Medium, 10.03.2018.
• Florin, Hubert: Accessibility, a powerful design tool, Slack Design on Medium, 25.02.2019 (nine-minute read).
• Walter, Stéphanie: Accessibility for designer: where do I start?, Stéphanie Walter, 31.03.2023, updated on 25.07.2024.
  This article contains links to introductory articles, accessibility checklists and cheatsheets, more “technical” checklists (with a focus on HTML and WAI-ARIA, training materials (courses, videos and books), articles about designing accessible components, tools and plugins for designers, tools for testing accessibility, resources about accessibility for native mobile apps and resources about inclusive design.
• Walter, Stéphanie: A Designer’s Guide to Documenting Accessibility & User Interactions, Stéphanie Walter, 05.11.2023, updated on 16.09.2024.
• Walter, Stéphanie: How to check and document design accessibility in your mockups, Stéphanie Walter, 10.07.2024, last updated on 16.09.2024.
  This article covers aspects such as colour contrast for text, link visibility, colour contrast for non-text content, resizing issues, font legibility, target size (24 pixels), documenting form elements, documenting skip links and focus order, documenting complex compoonent interactions and alternatives for complex movements, documenting headiing levels, documenting landmark regions, text alternatives for images and alternatives for media. The article contains links to many tools.
• Marshall, Allison Grayce: How to use storytelling in UX research reports, Notably, 26.05.2022 (13-minute read). Article recommended by Vitaly Friedman (September 2024).

Figma and Accessibility

• Altman, Brooke: How we made our Figma workflow 15% more efficient, Deliveroo Design on Medium, 19.01.2023 (five-minute read). Article recommended by Vitaly Friedman (September 2024) in a LinkedIn post that contains many other links about Figma and design annotations.
• Figma plugins:
  • WCAG Plugin by Marcelo Paiva.
  • Web Accessibility Annotation Kit by CVS Health (and others).
  • Include—Accessibility Annotations by eBay (and others).
  • Accessible design toolkit by Microsoft.
  • Stark - Contrast & Accessibility Checker by Stark.
• CVS Health and Daniel Henderson-Ede: Accessibility Annotation Kit for iOS, Figma Community, last updated in January 2024 (Creative Commons licence).

Accessibility and User Experience (UX)

• Williams, Gareth Ford: UX=Accessibility & Accessibility=UX, UX collective (on Medium), 16.08.2021 (22-minute read).
• Cao, Jerry: 8 Website Accessibility Best Practices to Improve UX, UXPin blog, 02.03.2016 (updated 23.06.2016).
• AcceDe Web | La démarche accessibilité, website by the French company Atalan.
• Kramer, Nicholas: A Primer to Web Accessibility for Designers, UX Planet, 10.03.2018 (10-minute read).
• Aizpurua, Amaia; Harper, Simon; Vigo, Markel: Exploring the Relationship between Web Accessibility and User Experience. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Volume 91 (July 2016): 13–23.
• Schmutz, Sven; Sonderegger, Andreas; Sauer, Jürgen: Implementing Recommendations From Web Accessibility Guidelines: Would They Also Provide Benefits to Nondisabled Users. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol 58, Issue 4 (2016).

Accessibility Testing

• Dalton, Brian; Rahman, Saleem: Blind QA testing (Part 1): A Screen Reader Users Perspective, InterAccess, November 2017 (accessed on 12.04.2024).
• Testing with Screen Readers: Questions and Answers, WebAIM, 20.05.2019 (accessed on 12.à4.2024).
• Bell, Vance: College Recommended Web Accessibility Tools for Students, Staff and Faculty, Vance Bell's blog, 07.10.2017.
• Rietveld, Rian: Accessibility Testing, Human Made, 01.12.2017.
• Bailey, Eric: How to build a cloud-hosted accessibility testing Windows computer using Amazon WorkSpaces, 24 Accessibility, 17.12.2017.
• Kalcevich, Kate; Gifford, Mike: How To Bake Layers Of Accessibility Testing Into Your Process, Smashing Magazine, 26.04.2021 (15-minute read).
• Sutton, Marcy: Writing Automated Tests for Accessibility, Deque blog, 03.01.2018.
  For testing in general, Marcy Sutton recommends watching Justin Searls's talk How to Stop Hating Your Tests (RubyConf 2015).
• Byrne-Haber, Sheri: Cost per hour for Accessibility Testing, @sheribyrnehaber on Medium, 02.12.2019 (two-minute read).
  Accessibility testers from established overseas consultancies can be found for as little as $20-$25 an hour. (…) In the US, you should expect to pay the same amount for an accessibility tester as any other type of technical QA. Based on salaries for QA engineers, Sheri Byrne-Haber estimates that hourly contract rates would be at least $70 an hour, and at least $100 an hour if you go through an agency. (These figures refer to the USA only.)
• Evans, Meryl: What Are the Top 6 Problem Spots for Blind Testers in Accessibility Testing?, Equal Entry blog, 12.07.2022.
• Accessibility Lessons Learned from Blind Users Attending a User Research Study, Equal Entry blog, 31.01.2023.
• Dart, Jocelyn: Testing Fast and Slow – Accessibility & Fiori, SAP Blogs, 14.04.2016.
• Gibson, Becky: Accessibility Testing by People with Disabilities, 24 Accessibility, 08.12.2019.
• Shevastopol, Slava; Shykiriavyi, Eugene: Testing Sites And Apps With Blind Users: A Cheat Sheet, Smashing Magazine, 07.06.2023 (19-minute read).
• Kohler, Tanner: Conducting Mobile Accessibility Research with Screen-Reader Users, Nielsen Norman Group, 14.05.2023.
• How to Conduct Usability Studies for Accessibility, Nielsen Norman Group (no date; accessed on 20.01.2025).
  Download page for a PDF document.
• How to document the screen reader user experience, Accessibility, Your Team and You (BBC on GitHub Pages), last updated on 22.10.2022 (accessed on 15.11.2023).
• Soueidan, Sara: Setting up a screen reader testing environment on your computer, Sara Soueidan, 24.11.2022, last updated on 13.01.2023 (accessed on 15.11.2023).
• Hoe test ik?, Digitale Overheid (no date).
• Thomas, Ajay C.: Understanding Manual Accessibility Audits: A Comprehensive Guide, Sweans, updated on 10.06.2024.

Designing for People with Disabilities & Accessibility in General

• Microsoft Inclusive Design.
• Swan, Henny; Pouncey, Ian; Pickering, Heydon; Watson, Léonie: Inclusive Design Principles.
  Also available in several other languages, such as German, Spanish, French (Principes de Conception Inclusive and Dutch (Principes voor Inclusive Design).
  Licence: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
• Swan, Henny: Inclusive Design Principles, The Paciello Group Blog, 9 June 2017.
• Pickering, Heydon: What the Heck Is Inclusive Design?, 24 Ways, 07.12.2016.
• Hausler, Jesse: 7 Things Every Designer Needs to Know about Accessibility, Salesforce UX on Medium, 15.04.2015 (14-minute read).
• Horton, Sarah: Math is hard. People with disabilities matter, Sarah Horton, 23.12.2020. Originally published on Medium, 09.02.2015 (four-minute read).
• May, Matt: The Same, But Different: Breaking Down Accessibility, Universality, and Inclusion in Design, Adobe Blog, 02.04.2018.
• May, Matt: Inclusion Doesn’t Stop at Accessibility, Adobe Blog, 02.05.2018.
• Schwab, Katharine: How To Design For Everyone, In 3 Steps, Co.Design, 09.02.2018 (seven-minute read).
• Richens, Emma Pratt; Knight, Jamie: How to design for accessibility, BBC Global Experience Language, 21.12.2015.
• Treviranus, Jutta: If you want the best design, ask strangers to help, Ontario Digital on Medium, 13.02.2018 (nine-minute read).
• Treviranus, Jutta: The Three Dimensions of Inclusive Design: Part One, fwd50 on Medium, 29.03.2018 (eleven-minute read).
• Treviranus, Jutta: The Three Dimensions of Inclusive Design, Part Two, fwd50 on Medium, 30.03.2018 (twelve-minute read).
• Treviranus, Jutta: The Three Dimensions of Inclusive Design, Part Three, fwd50on Medium, 13.04.2018 (thirteen-minute read).
• Milliken, Neil: When it comes to going global with accessible IT, the future is now, Disability-smart, 17.07.2017.
• Gibson, Anne: An Alphabet of Accessibility Issues, The Pastry Box Project, 31.07.2014.
• Pun, Karwai (UK Government Digital Service): Dos and don'ts on designing for accessibility 02.09.2016. This blog post is about a number of posters about designing for different types of users: users on the autism spectrum, users of screen readers, users with low vision, users with physical or motor disabilities, users who are Deaf or hard of hearing and users with dyslexia. The posters are available in the UK Home Office's GitHub repository under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license.
• Barrierefreiheit • Content Management, Center für Digitale Systeme, Freie Universität Berlin.
• Coady, Geri: Colour Accessibility, 24 Way to Impress Your Friends, 04.12.2012.
• Koopersmith, Daryl; Miner, Wilson: Designing accessible color systems, stripe blog, 15.10.2019.
• Cravit, Rachel: How to Use Color Blind Friendly Palettes to Make Your Charts Accessible, Venngage blog, 21.08.2019.
• Eggert, Eric: The Accessibility Mindset, 24 Way to Impress Your Friends, 17.12.2015.
• Campbell, Ollie: Designing For The Elderly: Ways Older People Use Digital Technology Differently, Smashing Magazine, 05.12.2015.
• Fercia, Andrea: Accessibility for the future you, Yoast blog, 28.07.2017.
• Fercia, Andrea: Does accessibility slow down the development process?, Yoast blog, 31.08.2017.
• Owen, Gerie: Why you need to start thinking about accessibility testing today, TechTarget, 06.09.2017.
• Na, Daniel: Creating an Accessibility Engineering Practice, Musings, 14.09.2017.
• Stockton, Justin: Accessibility in an Agile lifecycle, The Paciello Group blog, 30.03.2017.
• Gibson, Anne: Reframing Accessibility for the Web, A List Apart, 03.02.2015.
  Quote: We need to change the way we talk about accessibility. Most people are taught that web accessibility means that people with disabilities can use the Web—the official definition from the W3C. This is wrong. Web accessibility means that people can use the web.
• Brownlee, John: How Designing For Disabled People Is Giving Google An Edge, Co.Design, 23.05.2016.
• Amadeo, Ron: Public outcry causes Google to rethink banning powerful “accessibility” apps, Ars Technica, 08.12.2017.
• Kutyla, Wojtek: Heydon Pickering — accessibility, responsibility and inclusive design, Wojtek Kytula on Medium, 13.12.2017.
• Ren, Fei: What my color-blindness taught me about design, UX Collective on Medium, 23.01.2018.
• Ontario (Canada): Inclusive design toolkit.
• Sherbin, Laura; Kennedy, Julia Taylor: The Case for Improving Work for People with Disabilities Goes Way Beyond Compliance, HBR, 27.12.2017.
• Spencer, Andrew: Accessible By Design, Sparkbox, 19.02.2018.
• Lindberg, Oliver: Inclusive Design: 12 Ways to Design for Everyone, Shopify Partners blog, 23.03.2018 (nine-minute read).
• L’accessibilité numérique, et si nous agissions ?, Atalan. English version: Digital Accessibility: How We Can Help.
• Lambert, Steven: Designing For Accessibility And Inclusion, Smashing Magazine, 09.04.2018. This article uses the concept of lenses from Jesse Schell's book The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses (second edition, CRC Press, 2014; third edition, 2019, ISBN 9781138632059).
• Na, Daniel: Creating an Accessibility Engineering Practice, Musings, 14.09.2017.
• A11y isn't Just…, letorey.co.uk, 04.03.2018.
• Maier, Andrew: Building a Business Case for Universal Design, UX Booth, 28.05.2013.
• Featherstone, Derek: Web accessibility lessons from Indiana Jones, Simply Accessible, 08.03.2013.
• Jackson, Liz: We Are the Original Lifehackers, The New York Times, 30.05.2018.
• Point sur l’accessibilité numérique avec l’experte Armony Altinier, Villes internet, 06.06.2018.
• Kengadaran, Siddarth: Inclusive: A Microsoft design toolkit, Siddarth Kengadaran on Medium, 20.08.2017.
• Inclusive Design, Microsoft (no date).
• Jacobs, Steve: The Electronic Curb-Cut Effect, ICDRI, 1998.
• Jacobs, Steve: Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996: Fueling the Creation of New Electronic Curbcuts, The Center for an Accessible Society, 1999.
• Integrating Accessibility and Design: Five Hot Tips for Start-ups, (MaRS Entrepreneurship Programs on YouTube, 07.04.2011, 5 minutes): short interview with Jutta Treviranus.
• Designing Accessible Websites, Microsoft, 06.02.2017.
• Tarnoff, Nat: How to Write About Accessibility, Nat Tarnoff, 28.01.2016.
• Boag, Paul Accessibility is Not What You Think, boagworld, 09.10.2018.
• Andrews, Mischa: Accessibility = innovation, Prototypr blog, 25.11.2018 (7-minute read).
• Lauke, Patrick H.: Too much accessibility — good intentions, badly implemented, splintered, 08.08.2007.
• Smith, Jared: Overly Accessible? WebAIM blog, 28.02.2018.
• Wilson, Mark: Microsoft went all in on accessible design. This is what happened afterwards, Fast Company, 20.11.2019.
• Design without Empathy, Accessibility Scotland, 23.11.2019.
• Moss, Trenton: Separate text-only version? No thanks!, DMXZone.com (no date). Originally published on the Webcredible UX blog, 01.11.2006.
• Byrne-Haber, Sheri: Accessibility Debt — What is it? How to pay it off ???, Medium, 11.06.2019 (six-minute read).
• Metz, John: Accessibility is a Process, Not a Project, Medium, 17.01.2016 (seven-minute read).
• Zehe, Marco: Das inklusive Netz: Wie machen wir das Internet barrierefrei?, Macwelt, 14.02.2020.
• Brechbühl, Stefan: Weshalb Barrierefreiheit keine Option ist, pixelstrol.ch, 26.02.2020.
• Ishisaka, Naomi: How embracing universal design could make the world better after COVID-19, Seattle Times, 19.10.2020.
• Cook, Anna E.: The inspirational case for web accessibility, UX Collective, 30.08.2020 (six-minute read).
• Feingold, Lainey: Honor the ADA: Avoid Web Accessibility Quick-Fix Overlays, Law Office of Lainey Feingold, 10.08.2020.
• de Oliveira, Domingos: Vier Gründe, warum Du behinderte Menschen bei der Barrierefreiheit einbinden solltest, Barrierefreiheit | Schulung und Projekt-Begleitung, 22.01.2021.

Implementing Accessibility in an Organisation

• Gareth Ford Williams / @GarethFW tweeted on 07.03.2022, At the beginning of project get the entire team to agree to who they are willing to exclude, and own the decision.
  Then work out what is needed for everyone else to have a designed experience.,
• May, Matt: How to Implement Inclusive Design in Your Organization, Adobe Blog, 10.07.2018.
• Hansen, Michael: Accessibility is not a 'Feature', and Developers Should Never Treat it as Such, AppleVis blog, 14.01.2016, updated 26.02.2017.
  Some companies implement “accessibility” based on feature requests. However, implementing accessibility support is an essential part of the design process which ensures all users have equal access to an app.
• Greco, Lucy; Gazdowicz, Anna: Implementing an Accessibility Policy: An Insider's Guide, EDUCAUSE, 08.02.2016 (16-minute read).
• 8-Step Implementation Model, WebAIM, 26.08.2013.
• Triplett, Charlie: Cheatsheet: When "higher priorities" outweigh accessibility, LinkedIn, 11.07.2024.
• Williams, Gareth Ford: The Four Biggest Unanswered Accessibility Questions for Any Organisation?, LinkedIn, 29.06.2021.
• Williams, Gareth Ford: Why Accessibility Policies Are Important, And What Can Be Learned From The BBC, LinkedIn, 19.09.2021.
• Kapoor, Shilpi: Wondering what is the in-house accessibility team strength in organizations? – Accessibility Insights, BarrierBreak, 18.04.2022.
  Quote: In the last 5 years, we have seen that companies are starting to build teams around accessibility.
• Chax Training and Consulting: The struggles of an In-house accessibility team, LinkedIn, 29.06.2022.
• Fletcher, Adree: If your senior accessibility consultant sits below middle management, your org doesn’t really care (yet) about accessibility, LinkedIn, 05.10.2021.
• Sustainable accessibility, Tetralogical, 07.01.2021.
• Nasta, Sanjay: Integrating Accessibility Into Key Business Processes, Microassist, 21.07.2022.
• Hassell, Jonathan: Creating an Accessibility Centre of Excellence – What? Why? How?, LinkedIn, 08.11.2023.
• Albee, Tammy: Accessibility Training Builds Accessibility Culture, LinkedIn, 12.02.2020.
• Digitale toegankelijkheid, Poolstok (no date, possibly January 2021).
• Williams, Gareth Ford: The little book of accessibility, UX Collective, 19.05.2021.
• Chadwick, Jen; Tyler, Bill; Kelly, Sean: Introducing ARRM: Assigning Ownership to Get Things Done, A11yTalks (accessed on 18.02.2022).
• Harshbarger, Michael; Kelly-Gibson, Heidi: Change Management for Accessibility: Part 1, Deque blog, 14.06.2022.
• Kelly-Gibson, Heidi: Change Management for Accessibility: Lewin’s Three-Stage Model, Deque blog, 21.06.2022.
• Harshbarger, Michael: Change Management for Accessibility: Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) Model, Deque blog, 28.06.2022.
• Kelly-Gibson, Heidi: Change Management for Accessibility: ADKAR Model, Deque blog, 06.07.2022.
• Hassell, Jonathan: The goal of accessibility isn’t to find issues, it’s to fix them, Hassell Inclusion blog, 10.02.2021.
  Reposted on LinkedIn by Jonathan Hassell on 18.09.2023: Most accessibility audits don't work. They provide lots of information about the details of issues found, but little information on how long it would team a team to fix things, and how to prioritise between fixes when the team don't have time to do everything. Our AIPM fixes this problem with accessibility. (…)
  The Accessibility Issue Prioritisation Matrix (AIMP) is a spreadsheet that helps prioritzing issues based on four factors: the extent/frequency of occurrence of the issue and the importance of the parts of the product in which the issue occurs, the size of the audiences that would experience difficulty in using the product because of the issue, the impact of the issue on those audiences’ use of the product and the estimated cost of fixing the issue.
• Leader’s guide to accessibility, Home Office Design System (UK) (no date; accessed on 17.01.2025).
  See also Introducing the Leader’s Guide to Accessibility, Accessibility in government (blog, UK), 21.11.2024.
• Swan, Henny: Accessible design systems, TetraLogical, 24.06.2022.
• Bonifacio, Kasey: Taking the Guesswork Out of Accessibility Testing, Sparkbox, 17.08.2022.
• Sutton, Marcy: Accessibility-focused Test Driven Development, Testing Accessibility, 20.04.2022.
• Cerovac, Bogdan: Continuous Accessibility and end to end accessibility – considerations, planning and long term strategy, Bogdan on Digital Accessibility (A11y), 21.07.2020.
• Wie digitale Barrierefreiheit zum Unternehmensstandard wird, Netzwoche, 22.11.2022.
• Adams, Jeff: How to Build a Digital Accessibility-First Company Culture, Usablenet blog, 03.05.2023.
• Hassell, Jonathan: 5 things you should know before buying accessibility audit and accreditation services, Hassell Inclusion blog, 26.02.2021. (Note that the blog post's author was one of the main contributors to BS 8878, which he recommends.)
• Hassell, Jonathan: How to write an effective Accessibility Statement, Hassell Inclusion blog, 09.05.2012.
  The author points out that, chances are the only reason people will visit a website’s accessibility statement is because something on the websites is not working for them and provides some of BS 8878's tips for writing an accessibility statement.
• Kelly-Gibson, Heidi: Building a Core Accessibility Team: The Keys to the Kingdom, Deque blog, 20.09.2023.
• Gifford, Mike: Navigating Accessibility Responsibilities: A Role-Based Approach, GovLoop blog, 20.09.2023.
• DeConinck, Brian: How to start your agency’s digital accessibility program, Ad Hoc, 04.01.2024.
• Williams, Gareth Ford: How An Accessibility Champions Network Started. The BBC’s Story, LinkedIn Pulse, 05.08.2021.
• Swan, Henny: The only accessibility specialist in the room, Tetralogical blog, 05.06.2023.
• Kennedy, David: The importance of adding accessibility design reviews to the design process, Ad Hoc blog, 22.02.2023.
• McKinnon, Joel: What I look for in an accessibility role, LinkedIn, 15.01.2021.
  Quote: The ideal role would be one that includes a mix of technical expertise, training, and advocacy. I would prefer a role that is not just a developer or tester with some knowledge of accessibility.
• Arnold, Jesse James: Documenting accessibility is a journey, not a destination, LinkedIn, early December 2024.
• 099: How to Accurately Budget for Accessibility with Chris Hinds, Accessibility Craft, 06.01.2025 (pocast with transcript).
• Alvarado, Rocío: Leçons tirées de la mise en pratique de l'accessibilité numérique dans une organisation, LinkedIn, 13.01.2025.
• Alvarado, Rocío: Lessons learned implementing digital accessibility in an organization, LinkedIn, 13.01.2025 (English translation of the above article).
• Alvarado, Rocío: Readings to get Web designers started on accessibility, LinkedIn, 29.03.2023.
• Alvarado, Rocío: Readings to get Project Managers and Product Owners started on accessibility, LinkedIn, 26.04.2023.
• Alvarado, Rocío: Readings to get Web developers started on accessibility, LinkedIn, 22.02.2023.
• McCartney, Brandon: Who Should Own Accessibility?, LinkedIn, 14.12.2016.
• Nagle, Lara: Accessibility - who owns it?, All Human blog, 21.01.2025.
• Code of Ethics, TetraLogical (no date; announced on LinkedIn on 28.01.2025).
• AtomicA11y: Accessibility acceptance criteria, forked from MagentaA11y by Charlie Triplett.
  Ths website helps you pick (or generate) testable criteria that you can add, for example, to the “Definition of Done” in a Jira ticket. It covers four areas: UI/UX design, web accesssibility, iOS app accessibilitiy and Android app accessibility. (Accessed on 04.12.2024.)
• MagentaA11y: Accessibility Acceptance Criteria, originally created by Charlie Triplett while at T-Mobile.
  Ths website helps you pick (or generate) testable criteria that you can add, for example, to the “Definition of Done” in a Jira ticket. It covers three areas: web accesssibility, iOS app accessibilitiy and Android app accessibility. (Accessed on 04.12.2024.)

Maturity Models

• Business Disability Forum: Accessibility Maturity Model.
• W3C Accessibility Maturity Model, W3C, working draft (accessed on 25.05.2022).
• Reifegradmodell, Threeway AG (no date; accessed on 02.06.2022).
  Quote: Das Reifegradmodell haben wir zusammen mit dem "Hightech Zentrum Aargau AG" und der "Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz FHNW" entwickelt.
• HE and FE Accessibility Maturity Mode, AbilityNet (no date; accessed on 25.05.2022).
• Byrne-Haber, Sheri: The “perilous pitfalls” of Accessibility Maturity, Sheri Byrne-Haber on Medium, 03.03.2019.
• Pernice, Kara; Gibbons, Sarah; Moran, Kate; Whitenton, Kathryn: The 6 Levels of UX Maturity, Nielsen Norman Group, 13.06.2021.
• Disability Inclusion Maturity Model, PeopleSmart Ltd., 2022 (accessed on 01.07.2022).
• Hendriks, Ronny: Wordt eens volwassen; Het Accessibility Maturity Model, Fronteers blog, 22.12.2022.
• Maturity Model Task Force (MMTF) of the APA WG, Web Accessibility Initiative (no date; accessed on 29.04.2023).
• The “perilous pitfalls” of Accessibility Maturity, Access * Ability (newsletter archive), 11.12.2024.
  See also Sheri Byrne-Haber's summary on LinkedIn.

Shift Left

• Featherstone, Derek: The ongoing evolution of 'Shift left', Derek Featherstone, 13.01.2021.
• Whiteman, Trisha: Putting accessibility first: Using the shift left principle, ACCESS @ RICE, 13.01.2023.
• Shift Left Accessibility Testing, Deque (no date; accessed on 10.12.2024).
• Peri, Raghavendra Satish: Shift Left Accessibility in Design, Development and Testing, DigitalA11Y, updated on 16.09.2024.
• Sanket: The exponential cost of fixing bugs, DeepSource, 29.01.2019. (This blog post is not about accessibility but software in general.)

Braille

• Music and Braille:
  • OpenScore: For Everyone: Each OpenScore edition will be available as a Braille file, allowing blind musicians to read these works on their Braille terminal. Partially sighted musicians can load OpenScore editions in the free MuseScore notation software and easily apply modified stave notation styles in order to change the score in a way they can read it.
  • music21: music21.braille.translate: methods for exporting music21 data as Braille. Music21 is a Python-based toolkit for computer-aided musicology.
  • MuseScore: Accessibility (MuseScore Handbook).
  • Wainwright, Martin: Prima Vista scores a musical hit for visually impaired people, The Guardian, 15.02.2011.
• Adam, Birgit: Das Buch der Blindenschrift. Schriften, Praxis, Wörterbuch. Marix Verlag, 2017. ISBN 978-3-86539-217-6.
• Braille is the answer to large unemployment numbers in blind community, says advocate, CBC News, 07.01.2019. Quote:

  A recent report from the Canadian National Institute for the Blind finds more than 70 per cent of working-age blind or partially-sighted people in Canada are unemployed.

  The report says the key to getting more blind people into the workplace is braille, a tactile form of writing and reading for those who are visually impaired.

Ageing

• Fell, Greg: Reframing ageing, NHS England Blog, 08.12.2017.
• Sinha, Samir: Building age-friendly communities, presentation at TEDxStouffville 2014 (YouTube, 14 minutes, July 2014).
• Agile Ageing Alliance: Neighbourhoods of the Future – Better Homes for Older Adults – Improving Health, Care, Design and Technology (PDF, 2017).
• Smiley, Lauren: What Happens When We Let Tech Care For Our Aging Parents, Wired, 19.12.2017.

Cognitive Disabilities

• Knight, Jamie: Cognitive Accessibility 101 - Part 1: What is Cognitive Accessibility, Jamie & Lion, 2015.
• Knight, Jamie: Cognitive Accessibility 101 - Part 2: How it effects me & the tools I use, Jamie & Lion, 2015.
• Gregory, Brandon: Designing for Cognitive Differences, A List Apart, 16.10.2018.
• Blissymbolics.
• AAC Symbols and shared resources - ARASAAC.

Accessibility in the Physical World

• TravelWayfinding.com: Helping Blind and Visually Impaired Travellers and DDA Solutions.
• ATMIA releases new ATM Accessibility Guide, Global Accessibility News, 21 July 2017.
  See Best Practices Library Overview & Executive Summaries at ATMIA.
• Ryan, Frances: What is life really like for disabled people? The Disability Diaries reveal all, The Guardian, 15.11.2017.
• Flying the Unfriendly Skies, New Mobility, December 2017.
• 5 ways to make your workplace disability friendly, Business Matters, 21.01.2018.
• Vanderhyde, Michael: The quest to make Microsoft accessible to its core, Microsoft IT Showcase blog, 17.01.2018.
• World Health Organization (WHO): Age-friendly environments in Europe. A handbook of domains for policy action (2017). According to the WHO's description, This handbook is based on lessons learned from existing age-friendly initiatives in Europe. It thus builds on the richness of relevant locally and regionally developed tools that are now available, as well as the latest evidence from research. This publication links actions to create more age-friendly environments to the broader context of European health and social policies for ageing populations. See also the article New WHO handbook on age-friendly environments by the Covenant on Demographic Change (16.01.2018).
• Inclusive Conference Presentation Guidelines, Coleman Institute for Cognitive Disabilities, University of Colorado (no date).
• Rayner, Jay: Yes, it can be hard to get a restaurant table. But it can be impossible if you’re a wheelchair user, The Guardian, 15.02.2024.

Accessibility in Education

• Digital Accessibility in Learning and Teaching, The University of Sheffield (no date). See also The University of Sheffield's The inclusive learning and teaching handbook (PDF) (created by Elena Rodriguez-Falcon, Marie Evans, Claire Allam, John Barrett, Dave Forrest and Chris Glynn in 2010).
• Inclusivity: the essentials, The University of Sheffield (no date).
• Mendlesohn, Farah: Disability on Campus: ‘We do not practise best practice, and it is high time that we did’, Times Higher Education, 17 May 2017.
• Simpson, Grace: How inclusive is support for disabled students?, HEFCE, 01.11.2017 (archived).
• McKenzie, Lindsay: An IT Accessibility Watchdog?, Inside Higher Ed, 15.11.2017.
• Young, Jeffrey R.: How a Blind Student Who Felt Locked Out of STEM Classes Challenged—and Changed—Her University, Edsurge, 08.12.2017.
• Perez, Luis: From Accommodations to Accessibility: Creating Learning Environments That Work for All, Educause Review, 27.04.2015. This article briefly describes the A3 Model of accesibility in education. The model describes the progression of higher education institutions with regard to the inclusion of students with disabilities, and consists of three phases: Advocacy, Accommodation and Accessibility. The article is also available as a downloadable PDF file.
• Anzilotti, Eillie: How To Make Snow-Bound Cities Less Of A Frozen Hell For People With Disabilities, Fast Company, 18.01.2018. (Also on Citi IO, 27.02.2018.)
• Digitale Barrierefreiheit - eine Einführung (University of Potsdam on YouTube, 5 minutes, 01.02.2021).
• Bishop, Amanda: New community of practice aims to improve accessibility in higher education, The Brock News, 29.11.2023.

Projects

• Zero Project: an initiative of the Essl Foundation. Its goal is to create a world without barriers. See also ZeroProject on YouTube.
• The Integration of Web Accessibility Courses in ICT Programmes (IWAC).
• Swierenga, Sara J.; Pierce, Graham L.: Should We Conduct this Usability Study? Ethics Considerations in Evaluations, User Experience, November 2012.

Personalization and Customization

• Jarno M. Koponen: The Future Of Algorithmic Personalization, TechCrunch, 25.06.2015. Quote: Personalization caricaturizes us and creates a striking gap between our real interests and their digital reflection.
• Schade, Amy: Customization vs. Personalization in the User Experience, Nielsen Norman Group, 10.07.2016.
• Atkinson, Matthew: The promise of personalised interfaces, The Paciello Group blog, 13.09.2017.
• Saunders, Orde: User Queries, Decade City, 28.06.2015, updated 17.06.2018.
• Morphic; Morphic makes it easier to find and use special features. It also makes assistive technologies and settings show up on any computer a person needs to use.. (Also mentioned in the description of UI Options Plus (UIO+).)

Ableism

• Willison, Karin: How Systemic Ableism Is Built Into Society, and What We Can Do About It, The Ability Toolbox, 31.12.2023, updated on 04.07.2024.
• Obimbo, Nereah: Ableism: Persons With Disabilities Share The Most Ableist Things They’ve Ever Been Told, Potentash Africa, 17.04.2023.
• How To Be Anti-Ableist And Promote Disability Inclusion, Everyday Activism Network, 25.01.2022, updated on 07.11.2023.
• George, Kaylene: We Need to Talk About Ableism & Perfection, Autistic Mama (no date, possibly 2021, accessed on 22.12.2024).

Accessibility Blogs

• The Paciello Group blog. The Paciello Group is an accessibility consultancy. One of its employees, Steve Faulkner, is co-editor of the HTML5 specification at the W3C.
• WebAIM Blog.
• Nomensa: Humanising Technology Blog. See the category about accessibility..
• Tink: Léonie Watson's blog.
• Simply Accessible: Articles.
• A11yship.
• Wendy Chisholm. Until 2009, this blog was maintained on blogspot.
• The Blind Blogger: blog by a certain Roger WH.
• Pen and Ink: blog by Julian Rickards.
• Access-for-all-Blog: blog maintained by members of the Swiss foundation Zugang für alle or Access-for-all. All blog posts are in German.
• As Your World Changes – Adjusting to vision loss with class, using technology: blog by Susan L. Gerhart, a retired computer scientist.
• UniversalAccess: blog by Jorge Fernandes, in Portuguese.
• Web Standards Sherpa is a web development blog that also has articles on accessibility.
• Einfach für Alle: accessBlog.
• AnySurfer blog (in Dutch) and Blog AnySurfer (in French).
• Blog Temesis (in French).
• Digital Darragh – tag: accessibility.
• Accessible Culture: blog by Jason Kiss; dormant since 2013.
• Accessiblog.fr: blog by Olivier Nourry, who originally published his articles on Webyboom.
• STC Accessibility SIG: this blog has not been updated since March 2016.(In January 2021, this site could no longer be reached. The information about the Accessibility Special Interest Group appears to be out of date.)
• Anikto: this blog has not been updated since October 2013.
• Stufenlos: Blog zur Barrierefreiheit und Inklusion: blog about the German accessibility that ran until February 2017.
• The A11y Files | close encounters with assistive technology. This blog has not bee updated since 2017.
• Paul Canning - label: accessibility: articles labelled “accessibility” on Paul Canning's blog. The most recent contribution in this category dates from 2009. (See also Paul Canning's olg blog.)
• The Great Accessibility Blogs Roundup, Digital A11Y, April 2018. (Only lists blogs in English.)
• Duggin, Alistair: Accessibility Blogs, Alistair Duggin's blog, 28.03.2012, updated 03.04.2012: list of accessibility blogs, some of which have disappeared by now.
• Smith, Jared: The Great Accessibility Blog Roundup, WebAIM Blog, 14.05.2007.

Accessibility Metadata

• DCMI Accessibility Community.
• Nevile, Liddy: Why is Accessibility Metadata Proving Difficult?, Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (no date).
• Accessibility Metadata Project: Making Accessible Content Discoverable: A Benetech Led Proposal for Accessibility Metadata in Schema.org.
  See also Accessibility Metadata Project in the Benetech wiki.

Mathematics and Scientific Notation

• What Is MathML, DO-IT, 09.04.2021.
• Hanselman, Scott: Exploring cross-browser math equations using MathML or LaTeX with MathJax, Scott Hanselman's Blog, 23.06.2014.
• MathJax: Beautiful and accessible math in all browsers. (Accessed on 12.11.2021).
• MathML [support tables], Can I use…. (Accessed on 12.11.2021.)
  In November 2021, browser support for MathML has become rare. Firefox has supported it since version 2 (the current version 96 still supports it) and Safari since version 10 (most recent version: version 15). It was supported in Chrome 24 and it has or had no support in Internet Explorer, Edge, Opera (except for partial support in versions 10–12.1), the Android Browser, QQ Browser or Baidu Browser.
  See also
  • MathML in Chromium, Igalia. (Accessed on 12.11.2021.)
  • Shankland, Stephen: Google subtracts MathML from Chrome, and anger multiplies, CNET, 05.11.2013.
  • Feature: MathML, Chrome Platform Status. (Accessed on 12.11.2021.)
  • Why did Chrome drop MathML support?, Quora. (Question asked in 2015 or 2016.)
• MathML and browsers, Igalia, 28.08.2019.
• Creating Accessible Math with MathML, National Center on Accessible Educational Materials, 23.08.2021.
• Teaching with Accessible Math, National Center on Accessible Educational Materials, 04.08.2021 (Creative Commons).
  This article discusses EquatIO, Microsoft OneNote, MathType (formerly owned by Design Science) and and Desmos.
• OpenMath: OpenMath provides extensible standards for representing the semantics of mathematical objects and communicating them between software systems. (Accessed on 12.11.2021.)
• MathML Central, Wolfram.
• MathML Association.
• Orme, Richard: A demonstration of math accessibility, W3C TPAC 2022: Prerecorded group updates & demos, September 2022.

Markdown and Markdown-Based Pipelines

• betsyrosalen: Create accessible HTML tables in RStudio?, RStudio Community, 09.12.2019.

LaTeX

• Tyson, Jim R.: Accessible documents from LaTeX, Digital Education Team Blog (UCL, 22.07.2020.

Desktop Applications

• Amoli: Accessibility testing toolkit for desktop applications, UX Collective, 16.11.2018.
• Windows accessibility, Microsoft Docs, 07.01.2021.
• Accessibility Insights for Windows, Accessibility Insights (no date; accessed on 11.07.2022).
• Accessibility tools - Inspect, Microsoft Docs, 10.09.2021.

Books

• Accessibility Book Club: website of a book club that started on LinkedIn.
• Onsman, Ricky: More Digital Accessibility Books, TPGi blog, 03.09.2024.
• Kalbag, Laura: Accessibility for Everyone. A Book Apart, September 2017. (166 pages) ISBN 978-1-937557-61-4.
• Pickering, Heydon: Inclusive Design Patterns. Rakuten Kobo / Smashing Magazine, October 2016. ISBN 978-3-945749-43-2 (print) / 9783945749456 (e-book in ePUB 2 formats, DRM-Free).
• Newell, Alan F.: Design and the Digital Divide: Insights from 40 Years in Computer Support for Older and Disabled People. Synthesis Lectures on Assistive, Rehabilitative, and Health-Preserving Technologies. Morgan & Claypool, 2011. (195 pages)
• Petrick, Elizabeth R.: Making Computers Accessible: Disability Rights and Digital Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press, March 2015. (208 pages) ISBN 9781421416472 (e-book).
• Simpson, Richard C.: Computer Access for People with Disabilities: A Human Factors Approach. CRC Press, 2013 / 2019. (339 pages) ISBN 9780367380427.
• Borsci, Simone; Kurosu, Masaaki; Federici, Stefano; Mele, Maria Laura: Computer Systems Experiences of Users with and Without Disabilities: An Evaluation Guide for Professionals. CRC Press, 2014 / 2019. (312 pages) ISBN 9781138073487.
• Johnson, Jeff; Finn, Kate: Designing User Interfaces for an Aging Population: Towards Universal Design. Morgan Kaufmann, 2017. (258 pages) ISBN 9780128044674.
• Zajac, Mary: '(Dis)Ability' anthology, compiled and edited by Hopkins senior, explores stories by and about people with disabilities, Johns Hopkins University, 21.05.2018. Article about a collection of stories, compiled and edited by Dorffer, by and about people with disabilities. (Dis)Ability: A Short Story Anthology can be downloaded for free. The available formats include PDF, epub and mobi.
• Snowden, Robert; Thompson, Peter; Troscianko, Tom: Basic Vision: An Introduction to Visual Perception. Revised edition. Oxford University Press, 2012. (424 pages) ISBN 9780199572021.
• Rembis, Michael; Kudlick, Catherine J.; Nielsen, Kim (editors): The Oxford Handbook of Disability History. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford University Press, 2018. (552 pages) ISBN 9780190234959.

European Projects

• We4authors: We4Authors is the acronym of “Pilot on WEb accessibility FOR web AUTHORing toolS producers and communities”.
• Impact Project: IMPACT aims to create an expert training program on digital accessibility. This training will develop the skills of the experts so that they are able to provide high quality accessible content in different digital contexts.
• Able to Include: Using assistive technology to help people with intellectual disabilities use social media. See also the project's GitHub repositories.
• WAI-DEV Project (April 2014 – March 2016)
• COMPARE (ERASMUS+ project)
• eWall. See the downloadable documents.
• Inclusive Learning Project (Supporting Trainers for an Inclusive Vocational Education and Training).
• ICT4IAL: ICT for Information Accessibility in Learning.
• Accessibility Club Summit 2019 (November 16th-17th, 2019).
• The website of the European project European Internet Inclusion Initiative EIII (2013-2015) also has a resources page. However, more importantly, the search form helps you find accessibility-related resources on the Web.
• EIAO: European Internet Accessibility Observatory (archived on Archive.org).
• ADORE (Funka).
• Cardiac: this project aimed to create a platform that can bring together the various stakeholders in the area of accessible and assistive ICT with a view to identifying research & development gaps, emerging trends, and generate a research agenda roadmap. (The website could not be reached on 26 January 2021.)
• EU-funded Research Projects into Technologies for Accessibility, Shaping Europe’s digital future (European Commission), 13.12.2018.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Accessibility

Articles and blog posts are listed in chronological order. There is a separate page for artificial intelligence in general on the Unpedia site.

• Boudreau, Denis: Five Ways in Which Artificial Intelligence Changes the Face of Web Accessibility, 24 Accessibility, 06.12.2017.
• Boudreau, Denis: Five Ways in Which Artificial Intelligence Changes the Face of Web Accessibility, The Deque Blog, 16.01.2018.
• Kontzer, Tony: Let There Be Sight: How Deep Learning Is Helping the Blind ‘See’, NVIDIA Blog, 26.04.2018.
• O'Flynn, Catherine; Brennan, Darran: What AI can do to improve workplace accessibility for employees with disabilities, Silicon Republic, 20.09.2018.
• Johnson, Laura: Making the Web More Accessible Using Machine Learning, Orium Insights (blog), 03.04.2019 (19-minute read).
  Subtitle: A look at the state of web accessibility today and how machine learning could help make a more accessible web for all.
• Google sign language AI turns hand gestures into speech, BBC News, 20.09.2019.
• Tavon, Rémi: L’intelligence artificielle au service de l’accessibilité universelle, Acfas, 25.10.2019. (Not about digital accessibility.)
• Alexiou, Gus: Can AI Save Web Accessibility From An Impending ‘Market Failure’?, Forbes, 30.06.2020.
• Onsman, Ricky: Introduction to A.I. and Accessibility Testing, TPGi, 08.11.2021.
• Akbaraly, Moïse: Accessibilité numérique et révolution technologique de l’IA, ipedis blog, 12.11.2021.
• Intelligence artificielle et accessibilité numérique : le mariage parfait !, Bakhtech, 09.12.2021.
• Kaye, Kate: For people with disabilities, AI can only go so far to make the web more accessible, Protocol, 19.05.2022.
• Evans, Meryl: Captions: Humans vs Artificial Intelligence: Who Wins?, Equan Entry blog, 22.07.2022.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Accessibility Research Symposium 2023, World Wide Web Consortium (no date; accessed on 29.11.2023).
  This symposium took place in January 2023 (see Invitation: AI and Accessibility Symposium, 10-11 January 2023, online). See also Transcript of the "Artificial Intelligence and Accessibility Research Symposium" Day 1: 10 January 2023 and Transcript of the "Artificial Intelligence and Accessibility Research Symposium" Day 2: 11 January 2023.
• Roselli, Adrian: AI-Generated Images from AI-Generated Prompts, Adrian Roselli, 09.01.2023, updated on 08.04.2023.
• Kernaghan, Chris: Please do not use ChatGPT to generate personas, UX Collective on Medium, 18.03.2023 (four-minute read).
  Personas are often used in placed of real research. Since the launch of ChatGPT, people have used it to cheaply generate peronas. This may lead to inaccurate personas. Kernaghan writes, Empathy and understanding the idiosyncrasies of human nature is the very reason UX exists as a discipline. It stands to reason that, for now at least, humans are better at understanding humans rather than a language model still in its infancy. Personas are only as good as the people who help create them, even then, they have the potential to be flawed and biased. The blog post discusses various risks and downsides to using machine learning methods for the creation of personas.
• Bennett, Cindy; Trewin, Shari: AI for Accessibility: Opportunities and Challenges, Equal Entry blog, 28.03.2024.
• Restructuration chez Koena grâce à ChatGPT, Blog Koena, 01.04.2023.
• González Mellídez, Beatriz: Barrierefreiheit und künstliche Intelligenz, fronta11y, 18.05.2023.
• de Oliveira, Domingos: ChatGPT und Co. – das Potential der Künstlichen Intelligenz für digitale Barrierefreiheit, Barrierefreiheit | Schulung, Begleitung und Tests, 19.05.2023.
• Dolson, Joe: Accessibility and Artificial Intelligence, Accessible Web Design, 06.06.2023.
• Roselli, Adrian: No, ‘AI’ Will Not Fix Accessibility, Adrian Roselli, 08.06.2023.
• Kubesch, Daniela: The problem with auto-generated alternative texts for images, Daniela Kubesch, 24.07.2023.
• LIVESTREAM - A11yNYC - September 12 2023 - Real AI Solutions for Accessibility Challenges (Accessibility NYC on YouTube, 59 minutes, streamed on 13.09.2023).
  This video is a recording of a talk by Kevin Berg, VP of Solution Engineering at Evinced.
• Real AI Solutions for Accessibility Challenges, Equal Entry blog, 26.09.2023.
  This article is based on Kevin Berg's talk at A11yNYC.
• How will Artificial Intelligence change accessibility testing?, AbilityNet (no date; accessed on 21.10.2023).
  Recording and slides of a webinar that took place on 23 September 2023.
• Summers, Ed; Dugas, Jesse: Prompting GitHub Copilot Chat to become your personal AI assistant for accessibility, GitHub blog, 09.10.2023.
  Subtitle / teaser: GitHub Copilot Chat can help you learn about accessibility and improve the accessibility of your code. In this blog, we share a sample foundational prompt that instructs GitHub Copilot Chat to become your personal AI assistant for accessibility.
• “AI-generated solution suggestions” (Powerful accessibility testing features), Accessibility Cloud (no date; accessed on 21.10.2023).
• May, Matt: First post! Why AIML harm is a pressing equity issue, Stay Human, 30.10.2023.
• Milne, Stefan: Can AI help boost accessibility? These researchers tested it for themselves, UW News, 02.11.2023.
  See An Autoethnographic Case Study of Generative Artificial Intelligence's Utility for Accessibility by Kate S Glazko and others, ASSETS 2023 Proceedings, October 2023 (Open Access).
• Moran, Kate; Nielsen, Jakob: AI for UX: Getting Started, Nielsen Norman Group, 03.11.2023.
• Intelligence artificielle et accessibilité : Retour sur la conférence A11y Paris 2023, ekino paris, 20.11.2023.
• AI-powered coding for everyone, Microsoft Unlocked, 21.11.2023.
  Subtitle: Engineers like Anton Mirhorodchenko are overcoming accessibility issues in unprecedented ways.
• Groves, Karl: ChatGPT is not ready to handle web accessibility remediation, Karl Groves, 19.12.2023.
• Menhard, Esther: Digitale Barrierefreiheit: „Die KI wird uns nicht retten“, Netzpolitik, 29.12.2023.
  About Case Kreer's talk at the Chaos Communication Congress.
• Devon, Joe: One thing I meant to start in 2023 (…) was to launch an open source project to crowdsource some of the infrastructure that AI needs to make products like chatbots and copilots more accessible. (…), LinkedIn, 02.01.2024.
• Woodall, Tatyana: Researchers developing AI to make the internet more accessible, Farmers' Advance, 22.10.2024.
  Subtitle: Web agent' navigates complex websites using language commands.
• Gustafson, Aaron: Opportunities for AI in Accessibility, A List Apart, 07.02.2024.
• Samsonov, Pavel: No, AI user research is not “better than nothing”—it’s much worse, UX Collective (on Medium), 07.02.2024 (six-minute read, paywalled).
  Quote: The whole point of design is solving the problems that linear, mechanical thinking can’t. If we normalize turning to LLMs for our understanding of user needs, we give up our claim on being “champions for the user” and set off a race to the bottom that will see the design process, just like the publishing process, taken over by AI-generated sludge.
• Preece, Aron: GPT-4 Image Recognition: An Absolute Game Changer in Accessibility, American Federation for the Blind blog, 09.02.2024.
  Quote from the conclusion: As you can tell from the samples above, the level of detail and accuracy provided by GPT-4 is groundbreaking. That being said, you will notice that it does have a tendency to misidentify less focused items or those that are less common. In these cases, it will make its best guess. Even with that limitation, this technology is incredibly useful in so many arenas. I've personally used it over OCR to recognize products, identified clothing, reviewed control panels, and more using the apps on my iOS device. On PC, there are so many images that never get descriptions, especially on social media. It would be best if knowledge and adoption of alt text was more prevalent, but using GPT-4, we have greater access to visual culture than we ever had before.
• Watson, Léonie: Can generative AI help write accessible code?, Tetralogical blog, 12.02.2024.
  Watson asked three tools, Google's Gemini, OpenAI's ChatGPT 3.5 and userWay's Fix My Code, typical questions about accessible code.
• Collinsworth, Josh: I worry our Copilot is leaving some passengers behind, Josh Collinsworth blog, 13.02.2024, updated on 15.02.2024.
  Quote: I’m worried the global, net effect of Copilot might be that it’s making accessibility on the web even worse than it already is.
  I’m worried Copilot might be acting, in the silent, covert way systems often do, as a force for discrimination.
• Etienne, Gigi: AGI and accessibility: What I’m excited about and what I’m worried about, LinkedIn, 20.02.2024.
• Nielsen, Jakob: Accessibility Has Failed: Try Generative UI = Individualized UX, Jakob Nielsen on UX (on Substack), 29.02.2024.
  This article was not well received by accessibility specialists. Below is a selection of responses and rebuttals.
  • Axbom, Per: On Nielsen's ideas about generative UI for resolving accessibility, axbom, 01.03.2024.
    Referrer: Okay, here is my take on Nielsen's latest post on LinkedIn.
  • DeConinck, Brian: Jakob Nielsen’s Bad Ideas about Accessibility, Brian DeConinck, 01.03.2024.
    Nick Simson, posting a link to DeConinck's article, wrote, (…) This week, Nielsen published a blog post weirdly dismissive of the tireless work accessibility specialists are currently doing and suggests that in maybe five years we will have artificial intelligence sophisticated enough to detect human disability and craft individualized user interfaces for each of us based on the underlying data. (…)
    November Champion reposted DeConinck's article on 03.03.2024, adding, If we ever got to a place where executives were telling me “We would be accessible but those disabled people are just too hard to please” then I might consider my work at that organization to be done. (Maybe?) There are some days that this work, or doing community/non-profit work in the disability space just feels HARD because people are hard, but if it were easy it wouldn’t be worth it, right?
    Oh, and if we’re not going to spend the money to solve the problem the hard way, why are we going to spend the money training the AI for all the multitudes of disabilities for the easy way?
  • Eaton, Jeff: As a long-time reader of Jakob Nielsen's work …, LinkedIn, 01.03.2024.
    Quote: As a long-time reader of Jakob Nielsen's work (dating back to the earliest days of useit.com), I’m genuinely shocked at his latest newsletter; it describes generative AI as a magic wand that will allow organizations to stop investing directly in accessibility improvements for their apps, content, and digital properties. (…)
    Below this post is a comment by Ethan Marcotte, who says, This piece gets a number of things worryingly and deeply wrong about digital accessibility, the UX of assistive technology, and — somehow — responsive design. and links to the article Automating ableism by s.e. smith (The Verge, 14.02.2024).
  • Persing, Devon: Thank you, Jeff Eaton …, LinkedIn, 01.03.2024.
  • Masna, Aulia: Challenging Jakob Nielsen’s claim on accessibility, AuliaSays, 02.03.2024.
    David Sloan reposted Aulia's article on LinkedIn (02.03.2024), with a long comment. Quote: (…) It's okay to share ideas of accessibility innovation — bring them on! And it's okay to comment on lack of progress towards an inclusive digital world. But when we comment, let's steer clear of strawman arguments, hyperbole (screen readers don't "blabber" any more than UX leaders do) or create artifical divisions in an advocacy movement (I don't know anyone in the accessibility movement who doesn't think that usability and task performances are the goals of disabled product users, or that there is no place for automation).
    For some reason, despite all the progress made, accessibility continues to be singled out as being "too hard" and "too expensive", including, it seems, by people who have made a career out of telling us how important and straightforward it is to design tech with user needs in mind. For people looking for a reason not to do accessibility, what a gift!
  • Byrne-Haber, Sheri: Jakob Nielsen has done more in one article …, LinkedIn, 02 or 03.03.2024.
    Quote: Jakob Nielsen has done more in one article to tear down accessibility and delude people into thinking we really should be using GenAI instead of making things accessible than he has built in his entire career.
  • Hall, Kelsey, For all the good Jakob Nielsen has done …, LinkedIn, 02 or 03.03.2024.
    Quote: For all the good Jakob Nielsen has done for product and service design, this is a both/and situation. (…) When leaders with intense followings (or not, in some cases), use their platform to produce content like Jakob’s article without regard for the disability community or hard work of accessibility professionals everywhere, it sends a message. And in this world of “sound bites” and quick hit “truths”, this can be very dangerous. (…)
  • Jeff Eaton on LinkedIn (02.03.2024)= As a long-time reader of Jakob Nielsen's work (dating back to the earliest days of useit.com), I’m genuinely shocked at his latest newsletter.
  • May, Matt: We need to talk about Jakob, Practical Tips (The Practical Equity and Inclusion newsletter), 03.03.2024.
    Subtitle: Jakob Nielsen woke up one morning last week and chose violence.
  • Newton, Keith: Beyond Nielsen's Vision: The Realities of Generative UI in Accessibility, LinkedIn, 03.03.2024. Newton's article was reposted by Steve Faulkner.
  • de Oliveira, Domingos: Warum digitale Barrierefreiheit gescheitert ist, Barrierefreiheit | Schulung, Begleitung und Tests, 03.03.2024.
    Domingos de Oliveira agrees with Nielsen's claim that accessibility has failed. He says that the accessibility experts are part of the problem and agrees with Nielsen's statement that automatic adaptation is the way forward. Accessibility experts should work to make themselves redundant instead of making themselves indispensable.
  • Cerovac, Bogdan: Accessibility has not failed – it has not even started for real, Bogdan on Digital Accessibility, 03.03.2024.
    Quote: Most blind users don’t really have problems with two-dimensional interfaces if they are accessible. So claiming that two-dimensional graphical user interfaces are substandard for blind users is not always true. The blog posts also discusses concerns about relying on AI.
  • Levitt, Debbie: Nielsen and Norman should be ignored , LinkedIn, 04.03.2024.
    Quote: They're not my heroes. They were for a short time, but as I put the pieces together, they fell off the pedestal, and the pedestal came crashing down.
  • Gushcheva-Keippilä, Kristina: In response to Jakob Nielsen, UX Collective (on Medium), 05.03.2024.
    Subtitle: As designers, we should challenge fragmentation rather than foster it.
  • Bailey, Eric: On Jakob Nielsen, AI hype, and accessibility, Eric Bailey, 05.03.2024.
  • Ragas, Sophie: Traditional methods have not failed disabled users. Society and developers have failed them. (…), LinkedIn, 05.03.2024 (?),
  • Watson, Léonie: Nielsen needs to think again, Tink, 07.03.2024.
    Léonie Watson's experience as a blind person stands in stark contradiction to Nielsen's claim that accessibility has failed. She concludes, Nielsen thinks that generative AI will make my experience better. Nielsen apparently doesn't realise that generative AI barely understands accessibility, never mind how to make accessible experiences for humans.
  • Kidachi, Kazuhito: Accessibility, Generative UI and Vivaldi (Re: Accessibility Has Failed: Try Generative UI = Individualized UX), 覚え書き | @kazuhito, 07.03.2024. English translation of a post originally written in Japanese.
  • Kennedy, David A.: AI + Thought Leader Accessibility, David A. Kennedy, 07.03.2024.
  • Faulkner, Steven: Back in 2005 I mused on Jakob Nielsen's advice on the HTML title attribute (…), LinkedIn, 07.03.2024.
  • Graham, Jack: I've been telling people Jakob Nielsen is an unreliable narrator for decades now, but nobody ever believes me, LinkedIn, 09.03.2024.
  • Accessibility Has Failed: Try Generative UI = Individualized UX, Conffab, March 2024.
    This consists mostly of quotes about Nielsen's article.
  • Roselli, Adrian: Jakob Has Jumped the Shark, Adrian Roselli, 09.03.2024.
    This is mostly a collection of quotes from other articles and blog posts responding to Nielsen's article.
  • Eggert, Eric: Access by a thousand curb cuts, Eric Eggert, 09.03.2024.
  • Wong, Kai: How the king of usability became vulnerable to naive tech optimism, UX Collective on Medium, 12.03.2024.
  • Bertuccelli-Booth, Blake: AI Hype Wave Crashes Web Accessibility, LinkedIn (Pulse), 12.03.2024.
  • de Cuba, Darice: It’s a people problem, not an accessibility problem, Darice de Cuba, 12.03.2024.
  • Oriarewo, Ebosetale: Jakob Nielsen has been in UX years before I was born. So please correct me if I’m wrong here. (…), LinkedIn, 02.04.2024.
  • Hendriks, Ronny: Contrary to recent comments by people like Jacob Nielsen; Accessibility hasn't failed, accessibility is improving!, LinkedIn, 08.04.2024.
• de Vries, Hidde: “AI” and accessible front-end components: is the nuance generatable?, hidde.blog, 01.03.2024.
  See also Lukas Oppermann's LinkedIn post and the comments below it.
• Onsman, Ricky: What AI Can Do For (and To) Existing Web Accessibility Tools, TPGi, 31.03.2024.
  This article covers accessibility overlays, automatic captioning and AI-generated text alternatives.
• Lazzarelli, Jeanne: ChatGPT va-t-il prendre la place des spécialistes de l’accessibilité numérique ? – GAAD 2024, Ideance, le blog, 16.05.2024 (podcast and transcript).
• Two New Artificial Intelligence Laws and Their Effects on Accessibility, Equal Entry blog, 25.06.2024.
• Covington, Clint: AI is transforming how we work., LinkedIn, 29.06.2024.
  Quote: (…) Trinh Tran is a Microsoft employee who is a stroke survivor. This is an inspiring video where he shares how hashtag#Copilot for hashtag#Microsoft365 helps him reduce mental and physical exhaustion and spend more time with his family.
  Link to This is Trinh's Copilot on YouTube.
• Study on AI to support accessibility, Funka Foundation, 21.08.2024.
  Quote: If you are curious about the potential for AI to support accessibility, you may be interested in responding to a survey created by DIGITAL EUROPE as part of a research study for the European Commission under the AccessibleEU project. The target audience is wide: government, industry, research, civil society and end users with disabilities.
  The survey will be followed by an interactive workshop in Brussels on the 10th of October lead by José Usero, Director for Projects at DIGITAL EUROPE, and Susanna Laurin, CEO at Funka Foundation. Stay tuned for more information!
• Groves, Karl: AI will revolutionize accessibility, but not via overlays or testing tools. (…), LinkedIn, 27.08.2024.
  Longer quote: AI will revolutionize accessibility, but not via overlays or testing tools. AI's impact on accessibility will be through assistive technologies installed on/ built into people's devices. Existing assistive technologies and operating systems will begin to integrate AI seamlessly.
  Overlays are not doing anything truly novel in this space. By the time they're able to, companies like Microsoft will have already blown past them.
• Dimri, Aniruddh: Using Gen AI to add subtitles on BBC Sounds, BBC, 29.08.2024.
• Rahman, Noah; Bertuccelli-Booth, Blake: Why LLMs Will Never Be Able to Perform All Accessibility Code Review, Equalify, 26.09.2024.
  LLM are fundamentally unsuited for accessibility evaluations.
• Deeprose, Matthew: Using generative AI to improve digital accessibility efficiency, featuring Copilot, Whisper, and Claude, Matthew Deeprose (GitHub Pages), 02.10.2024.
  Slides of a talk delivered at the University of Kent's Digitally Enhanced Education Webinar on 2 October 2024.
• Martinez-Usero, Jose: Are you going to miss a workshop on how Artificial intelligence can make the digital world more accessible? , LinkedIn, 04.10.2024.
  Announcement of a hybrid workshop taking place in Brussels and online on 10 October 2024. Quote from the annoucement: This validation workshop aims to gather insights and real-world examples from various stakeholders—including industry leaders, researchers, organizations representing people with disabilities, and digital accessibility experts.
• Faulkner, Steve: AI for accessibility conformance testing? Why?, HTML Accessibility, 10.10.2024.
• Glazko, Kate S.; Yamagami, Momona; Desai, Aashaka; Mack, Kelly Avery; Potluri, Venkatesh; Xu, Xuhai; Mankoff, Jennifer: An Autoethnographic Case Study of Generative Artificial Intelligence's Utility for Accessibility, Proceedings of the 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, 22.10.2024 (Open Access).
• Di Blasi, Aaron: The Current State of AI And What It Means For The Future of Accessibility, AT-Newswire, 21.11.2024.
• India's First AI-Powered Accessibility Audit Campaign Launched on International Day of Persons with Disabilities, NewsVoir, 03.12.2024.
  Quote: The campaign will be powered by APD’s YesToAccess app, India’s first-of-its-kind AI-powered tool designed for accessibility audits. The app allows anyone-persons with or without disabilities-to assess the accessibility of public spaces. By simply taking a photograph of a structure using their phone’s camera, users can analyze features such as ramps, railings, accessible toilets, tactile pathways, and clear signage. The app generates real-time accessibility scores, which are made publicly available on an interactive map, helping to identify and promote barrier-free spaces across India.
• AI-powered accessibility audit campaign launched on International Day of Persons with Disabilities, The Hindu, 04.12.2024.
  Subtitle: The app allows anyone - persons with or without disabilities - to assess the accessibility of public spaces.
• Reijenga, Taeke: AI and Accessibility: Ethical Considerations and Solutions, The A11Y Collective blog, 09.12.2024.
  Subtitle: Unlock the potential of AI for accessibility. Explore applications, address ethical considerations, and learn best practices for inclusive AI development.
• Faulkner, Steve: ShatGPT 4o, HTML5 Accessibility, 13.12.2024.
  Steve Faulkner asked ChatGPT whether it must comply with the European Accessibility Act. The post reproduces the tool's answer and lists four WCAG 2.1 success criteria that the tool fails. The correctness of the tool's answer is not commented on. See also Steve Faulkner's LinkedIn post I wonder if anyone at OpenAI is listening to their own creation?.
• Boyer, Ashlee M.: How to Dehumanize Accessibility with AI, Ashlee M Boyer's blog, 14.12.2024.
• Squires, Tj: Putting AI to the (Accessibility) Test, TPGi, 19.12.2024.
  The author is a blind accessibility tester who has incorporated generative AI into his workflow. The article focuses most on PictureSmart AI for JAWS. The author also discusses how to deal with hallucations: A good way to combat this is to run it through AI multiple times, and if possible, run it through multiple AI models to compare. Not only will the hallucinations be caught, but one model may provide slightly different information than another model, which may reveal a piece of information previously unknown to you. The author does not take into account that this is environmetally extremely wasteful.
• Zufelt, Everett: Accessibility’s Next Chapter: How Coding Assistants, adaptive overlays, and agentive AI personas will reshape Inclusivity, LinkedIn, 07.01.2025.
• KI-gestützte Barrierefreiheit im Web: Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen, Mindverse, 07.01.2025.
• Buytaert, Dries: Generating image descriptions and alt-text with AI, Dries Buytaert, 03.02.2025.
  Subtitle: I tested 12 LLMs — 10 running locally and 2 cloud-based — to assess their accuracy in generating alt-text for images. The article does not take into account that the text alternatives would be influenced by the context in which the images are used, since each of them could be used as a decorative image.

Design Systems

Design systems are not primarily about accessibility but should be a primary place for including accessible practices.

• Cook, Anna E.: Auditing Design Systems for Accessibility, Deque blog, 04.05.2021.
  Quote: In fact, a Deque case study from last year found that 67% of accessibility issues originate in design.
• Fessenden, Therese: Design Systems 101, Nielsen Norman Group, 11.04.2021.
• Hanlon, Lara: 10 reflections on designing a design system, IBM Design (on Medium), 01.10.2020.
  (This blog post unfortunately does not discuss accessibility.)
• Rosno, Matt; Johannessen, Mari: Carbon Design System, IBM, 15.11.2018.
• 10 Best Design Systems and How to Learn (and Steal) From Them, DesignerUp, 03.06.2020.
• Swan, Henny: Accessible design systems, TetraLogical blog, 24.06.2022.
• Frost, Brad: The Design System Ecosystem, Brad Frost's blog, 21.09.2023.
• The Design System Guide: All the essential resources for setting up a design system. For free. Forever.
  Note that this site's homepage has several accessibility issues, such as contrast issues, a marquee, missing form labels and empty links. (Accessed on 17.12.2023.)
• The Component Gallery: The Component Gallery is an up-to-date repository of interface components based on examples from the world of design systems.
  Some components have notes related to know accessibility issues, but the absence of such notes does not imply the absence of accessibilty issues. (Accessed on 17.12.2023.)
• Design Systems Gallery: A comprehensive and curated list of design systems, style guides and pattern libraries that you can use for inspiration. (Accessed on 17.12.2023.)

Examples of Design Systems

• Carbon Design System (no date; accessed on 22.09.2022).
• Orange design system , Orange (no date; accessed on 22.09.2022).
• U.S. Web Design System, Digital.gov (no date; accessed on 22.09.2022).
  In late January 2025, all references to inclusive design were removed. See the following resources:
  • Remove content related to 1/20/25 EO (pull request #3078), USWDS website and documentation on GitHub, 23.01.2025.
  • Watson, Léonie: The US Web Design System has deleted it's info on inclusive design, LinkedIn, 30.01.2025.
    Message: The US Web Design System has deleted it's info on inclusive design, in response to the 2025-01-20 Executive order "Ending Radical And Wasteful Government DEI Programs And Preferencing".
    Emily Lawes commented, There's nothing in the EO that explicitly states this type of work needs to be removed. I feel this is quite dangerously reactive and upsetting. Design systems set a precedence for inclusivity. (…)
  • Buie, Elizabeth: I've sent the following letter to the US General Services Administration …, LinkedIn, 30.01.2025.
    About a letter pointing out that inclusive design is not DEI.
• GEL Technical Documentation, BBC's GitHub Pages, copyright © 2021 BBC (accessed on 06.04.2023).
  This is the BBC's design system.
• Helsinki Design System, City of Helsinki. See also the Helsinki Design System's accessibility statement and the Helsinki Design System's GitHub repository (licence: MIT). (Accessed on 17.12.2023.)

Accessibility Metadata

• User Experience Guide for Displaying Accessibility Metadata 1.0: Final Community Group Report 27 September 2021, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C, 27.09.2021.
• Schema.org Accessibility Properties for Discoverability Vocabulary: Final Community Group Report 18 July 2023, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C, 18.07.2023.
• A User Experience Guide for Displaying Accessibility Metadata, Fondazione LIA, 01.10.2021.
• Accessibility Metadata, Inclusive Publishing, 27.10.2016.
• User Experience Guide for Displaying Accessibility metadata for EPUB, Benetech GitHub Pages, 24.05.2019.
• Accessibility Metadata Project (site last updated in 2021). (Accessed on 31.10.2023.)

Other Collections of Links and Resources

• Resources, The A11Y Project (no date; accessed on 23.02.2023).
• Le wiki de la Lutine du Web: collection of over 400 links related to accessibility created and maintained by Julie Moynat.
• A11y Cat: link colleciont maintained by Amin Amini (Sweden).
• Walter, Stéphanie: Accessibility for designer: where do I start? Articles, resources, checklists, tools, plugins and books to design accessible products, Stéphanie Walter, last updated 18.06.2023.
• CivicActions Accessibility. (See also the CivicActions Accessibility repository on GitHub, which is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License.
• Web Design References: Accessibility, Information Technology Systems and Services (University of Minnesota Duluth).
• TRAINomat (Alpha) (accessed on 01.06.2022).

Other Links

• Introducing A11ycasts! -- A11ycasts #01 (Google Chrome Developers on YouTube, 2 minutes, 02.08.2016).
  This the introduction to a series of videos by Rob Dodson about accessibility: A11ycasts with Rob Dodson . (No videos were added after the announcement of a winter break in January 2018. Videos from the playlist include the following:
  • Accessible Modal Dialogs -- A11ycasts #19 (Google Chrome Developers on YouTube, 13 minutes, 16.06.2017).
    Looks at the Modal Dialog Example from the ARIA Authoring Practices Guide and the eBay MIND Patterns. In the source code, Rob Dodson makes the modal dialog a direct descendant of the body element, so it becomes a sibling of the other content on the page. In the div that represents the dialog itself, there is a "dialog mask", which is represented as an overlay over the other content. By default, the dialog has display: none in the CSS code so it is not in the accessibility tree. Before opening the modal dialog, the JavaScript code also captures what the currently active element is, so focus can be restored to it later. When the modal dialog is opened, the property inert is applied to anything outside the dialog. (There is a polyfill available on GitHub at WICG / inert, which can also be installed using nmp.) In Rob Dodson's example, focus is allowed to move between the dialog and URL bar and back again, whereas the ARIA Authoring Practices Guide recommends against this.
• Pines, Eric L.: Disability Inclusion In The Workplace: Intuit’s Ted Drake On How Businesses Make Accommodations For Customers and Employees Who Have a Disability, Authority Magazine on Medium, 07.06.2022 (12-minute read).
• Shinohara, Kristen; Tigwell, Garreth: Why getting more people with disabilities developing technology is good for everyone, The Conversation, 03.06.2021 (Creative Commons).
• Zacharias, Julia: Accessibility interview with BBVA, Applause, 20.06.2021.
• Accessible Techcomm: this is a website by a not-for-profit educational organization that provides resources on making technical communication more accessible.
• The Accessible Icon Project: project that wants to replace the traditional wheelchair icon from the 1960s with a newer one that suggests movement.
• Frost, Natasha: The Controversial Process of Redesigning the Wheelchair Symbol, Atlas Obscura, 29.03.2018.
• Icon for Access, 99% Invisible, 18.02.2014.
• Digitaal Toegankelijk.
• Internet cocreator on how to make the internet more accessible, McKinsey Digital, 10.12.2024.
  Subtitle: Internet pioneer Vint Cerf suggests that software designers need more exposure to accessibility issues to make the internet more usable for all.
• Sydell, Laura: For People With Disabilities, New Technology Can Be Life Changing, NPR - All Tech Considered, 21 March 2016.
• Parsons, Sarah: The potential of digital technologies for transforming informed consent practices with children and young people in social research, Social Inclusion, 3.6 (2015): 56-68.
• Gifford, Mike: How & Why People With Disabilities Should Engage with Open-source Software Communities, OpenConcept blog, 08.07.2015.
• 3SheetsResearch: videos of usability tests with users under influence. (Not actually about accessibility.)
• Mahmarian, David: A Summer Designing for Autism, Google Design on Medium, 15.09.2016 (six-minute read).
• World Health Organization (WHO): Disability and health. Fact sheet. Reviewed November 2016.
• Bailey, Eric: Instituting a Culture of Accessibility in Your Organization: Part 1, Cantina, 05.04.2016.
• Teach Access.
• Ojala, Tuukka: Software development 450 words per minute, Vincit Blog, 28.08.2017.
• Ellina, Froso: When age isn’t just a number, Red Badger blog, 18.08.2017.
• Barker, Guy: Considerations around the accessibility of a calendar control, Microsoft Windows UI Automation Blog, 09.09.2017.
• Edwards-Onoro, Deborah: Best Practices for Conducting an Accessibility Review, Lireo Designs, 07.08.2017.
• Taylor, Tess: From ADA compliance to universal design: Creating accessible training, HR Drive, 19.09.2017.
• MDN Web Docs: CSS Grid Layout and Accessibility.
• Devlin, Ian: Accessibility at trivago, trivago Techblog, 26.09.2017.
• Schofield, Michael: Today, I learned about the Accessibility Tree, LibUX, 19.02.2017.
• Heydon: Cupper: An Inclusive Documentation Builder, Paciello Group blog, 18.09.2017.
  Article about The Cupper Documentation Builder.
• Brown, Meta S.: One Inspiring Software Developer, And Why Accessibility Matters, Forbes, 30.09.2017.
• Watson, Léonie: Regaining Sight, tink, 12.10.2017.
• Buri, Nicole: Interview with Léonie Watson: How accessibility influences the work of developers and designer, unic blog, 21.08.2015.
• Faller, Patrick: IBM’s Bo Campbell On The ‘Win-Win’ of Designing Truly Accessible Products, Adobe Creative Cloud blog, 04.10.2017.
• Bazzle, Steph: Visual Impairment And Internet: What I Learned When I Started Transcribing Facebook Memes, Inquisitr, 06.08.2016.
• Rodriguez, Jason: HTML Email and Accessibility, CSS-Tricks, 22.11.2017.
• Bailey, Eric: Consistently Inconsistent: When the Most Accessible Experience is Different for Each User, Cantina, 14.11.2017.
• Johansson, Emma: Learning To Design Virtual Reality For Accessibility, Venturebeat, 18.10.2017.
• Accessible Diagrams with Microsoft Visio, Microsoft Accessibility Blog, 05.12.2017.
• University of Melbourne: Accessibility of Virtual Reality Environments.
• Maddox, Donna: Web Accessibility in the Corporate World, 24 Accessibility, 15.12.2017.
• Meyer, Kate: Flat UI Elements Attract Less Attention and Cause Uncertainty, Nielsen Norman Group, 03.09.2017.
• Learning Directly From Disabled People, Business Disability International.
• Campbell, Bo: Tips for Designing Accessibility in Voice User Interfaces, UX Design Collective on Medium, 02.11.2017.
• Ravenhall, Allison: Voice assistants: Accessible for some, not everyone, Intopia, 01.01.2018.
• Heineman, Kristin: 2018 Digital Accessibility Trends Q&A and Webinar Resources, Level Access, 01.02.2018. 2018 Digital Accessibility Trends – Fall Update Q&A and Webinar Resources, Level Access, 25.09.2018.
• Comparatif de l’accessibilité des applications GPS, Ceciaa blog, 23.02.2015.
• Matuzović, Manuel: My Accessibility Journey: What I’ve Learned So Far, A List Apart, 06.02.2018.
• Gifford, Mike: Accessibility Lists of lists.
• Atalan: Digital accessibility resources / Ressources au sujet de l'accessibilité numérique.
• GPII DeveloperSpace: a one-stop place to find resources, components and people to conceive, develop, test and market novel accessible solutions.
• Deacon, Dennis: How Accessibility Saved My Professional Life, 24 Accessibility, 09.12.2017.
• Kasdorf, Bill: If Accessibility Is So Easy Now, Why Is It Still So Hard?, DAISY Consortium blog, 01.02.2018.
• Deakin, Wayne: Meet the invisible minority: Why my autism and neurodiversity are gifts to the industry, Campaign (UK), 19.02.2018 (reading this article requires registration).
• Siegel, Bryna: What Autism Isn't, The Politics of Autism (Psychology Today blog), 30.05.2018.
• Williamson, Rachel: Why Aren’t We Doing This Already? : What I’ve Learned About Accessibility in the Tech Industry, Medium, 27.02.2018 (seven-minute read).
• Deacon, Dennis: Accessibility vs. Inclusive Design: My Point of View, Lireo Designs, 14.02.2018.
• Berger, Michael: How we stopped making excuses and started improving Basecamp’s accessibility, Signal v. Noise (on Medium), 14.03.2018 (five-minute read).
• Novak, Sara: Going Colorblind: An Experiment in Empathy and Accessibility, Prototypr on Medium, 02.04.2018 (seven-minute read).
• Walls, Ashley: Bringing Inclusive Practices to Product Design, Microsoft Design on Medium, 30.08.2018 (four-minute read).
  While the blog post acknowledges diversity in users, it does not mention people with disabilities.
• Ward, Chris: Motor Disabilities and What You Need for Accessibility, Telerik, 30.07.2019.
• Barriers to access for people with disabilities, jarmin.com (no date).
• Brajnik, Giorgio: An accessibility evaluation method based on Barrier Walkthrough. (Licence: CC-BY-SA.)
• Morse, Melissa: A Step-by-Step Guide to Conducting a Web Accessibility Audit, TPGi, 18.09.2024.
• Testing for accessibility, Gov.UK Service Manual, last updated 12.07.2018.
• Faulkner, Steve: doesn’t work in lynx, Paciello Group Blog, 24.02.2018.
• Milliken, Neil: Accessibility: Let’s put away the wrecking ball!, atrophiedmind, 19.06.2011.
• Comerford, Rachel: The Accidental A11y Advocate, ePubSecrets, 07.08.2017.
• Drake, Ted: Automation and Accessibility: Building a Better Web for Everyone, Intuit Blog, 17.05.2018.
• Widell, Victor: Dsxyliea (Dyslexia), geon, 03.03.2016.
  A web page that simulates how letters “jump around” for people with dyslexia. (You can fork the Dyslexia page on GitHub.)
• Resources for teachers, British Dyslexia Association (no date).
• Gerhart, Susan L.: Is there a Killer App for Accessibility?, As Your World Changes, 14.01.2008.
• Nose to the Page: website by Wayne E. Dick, Professor of Computer Science at California State University. Wayne Dick has long argued that the needs of low-vision people have often been disregarded online. He is also a member of the W3C's Low Vision Accessibility Task Force (LVTF).
• Lydia: Bilder für Blinde zugänglich machen, Lydia's Welt, 11.01.2018.
• Dattaro, Laura: Approaching disability like a scientist, Symmetry, 29.05.2018.
• Project Ray: RAY’s solutions offer unique, new mobile experience for the blind, vision-impaired, and dyslectic individuals. They can now use cell phones, smartphones, touch devices and connected digital tools, without any obstacles and barriers.
• Taubenschlag: a German website for people who are deaf or hard of hearing.
• Tracey, Emma: Why deaf people sneeze silently, BBC News, 05.07.2013.
• Gehörlosigkeit - FAQ, DGB (no date; accessed on 27.10.2021).
• Gehörlos autofahren - was erlaubt und was verboten ist, hoerhelfer.de (no date; accessed on 27.10.2021).
• MSc in Educational Assistive Technology (part time), University of Dundee (September 2020).
• Daan: How Accessibility Gets More and More Important in Web Development, BetterProgramming on Medium, 07.11.2019.
• WAI (Printable) Glossary, last updated in 01.03.2003.
• WCAG 2.0 Validators and Web Accessibility Remediation Solutions: What are Your Options?, Essential Accessibility, 13.03.2017.
• Digital informiert - im Job integriert - Di-Ji.
• Lee, David: Ein Blinder öffnet uns die Augen, digitec blog, 21.01.2019. A company has its webshop tested by a blind user and finds that it is not very accessible. They then write an honest report about this on their own blog.
• Appel, Nicola: Sonja Weckenmann, BIK: „Barrierefreie Weiterbildung – davon profitieren am Ende alle“, Pink University blog, 04.08.2016.
• Viscomi, Rick: The State of Accessibility, DEV Community, 10.01.2019.
  This page contains an embedded YouTube video of a 30-minute interview with Nektarios Paisios, a software engineer on the Chrome Accessibility team. The main takeaways from the video are summarised below the video. Note that the first point, we should see a11y as a feature of our website, is rather contentious.
• Sharath M G: “Get Accessible”, before it’s too late.., SAP Blogs, 16.03.2018 (3-minute read).
• Accessibility is not a feature; it’s a social movement. Campaign by the Centre for Accessibility in Australia.
• Marcotte, Ethan: Accessibility is not a feature, Ethan Marcotte, 31.08.2018.
  This article breaks down the concept “accessibility” into two sub-components: navigable and usable.
• Accessibility for non-web desktop applications: a question posted on User Experience Stack Exchange in May 2012.
• Colour Blindness, Colour Blind Awareness.
• anthony: The Aesthetic-Accessibility Paradox, UX Movement, 14.11.2019.
  This article is misleading because it contains several misconceptions and inconsistencies about accessibility. First, it divides users into two groups, a majority with normal vision and a minority with some form of visual impairment, instead of recognising that there is a spectrum (rather than “us” versus “them”). Second, the article seems to suggest that people with a visual impairment, including blindness, tend to &dquo;see” the same thing: blurry text and faint elements when text sizes and color contrasts are too low. Third, it rehashes the long exploded theory that accessibility and aesthetics: the more accessible an interface is, the less aesthetic appeal it has. This is a nonsensical generalisation; moreover, the author proves himself wrong. The author also claims that, Most users with extreme visual impairments use screen readers that provide high contrast modes, whereas most screen readers don't provide high contrast modes (some combine screen reader and magnifier functions). Moreover, the author appears to be unaware of the fact that some users need lower contrast, for example, some people with dyslexia or the Irlen syndrome. Finally, the article creates the myth of “accessibility extremists”: Accessibility extremists tend to discount aesthetics.
  For other comments, see Steve Faulkner's tweet, 22.11.2019.
• Interview de Jean-Yves Moyen, développeur chez Siteimprove (Danemark), Access42, 18.07.2022.
• Watson, Léonie: Perceived affordances and the functionality mismatch, Tink, 14.07.2022.
• Hein, Elise: Where’s the fun in accessibility?, UX Collective, 21.07.2022.
• Alice: Why I'm Running for W3C TAG, Dev, 28.12.2018. Alice is senior software egineer at Google and works on Chrome accessibility.
• Henke, Anika: How users change colours on websites, Accessibility in government (Gov.uk), 27.03.2017.
• Fernandez, Manny: Epilepsy Foundation Was Targeted in Mass Strobe Cyberattack, The New York Times, 16.12.2019.
• Epilepsy Foundation Files Criminal Complaint and Requests Investigation in Response to Attacks on Twitter Feed, Epilepsy Foundation, 16.12.2019.
• Arbeitskreis barrierefreies Internet e. V..
• KBV ( Kompetenzzentrum Barrierefreiheit Volmarstein) (formerly, until December 2020, FTB (Forschungsinstitut Technologie und Behinderung)).
• BIK für Alle: Barrierefrei informieren und kommunizieren. (This project ended in 2018.)
• Steffen KJ. Zimmermann – Experte für Barrierefreiheit || Accessibility Expert.
• TRAINomat. Background: TRAINomat (Kompetezzentrum für Digitale Barrierefreiheit, Hochschule der Medien, Stuttgart).
• Aquino, Steven: Why Unlocking Your iPhone with Apple Watch Matters For Accessibility, Forbes, 06.05.2021.

FOSDEM tracks and talks:

• Accessibility devroom at FOSDEM 2011 (7 presentations).
  Strobbe, Christophe: odt2daisy and odt2braille: OpenOffice.org/LibreOffice extensions for accessible formats: presentation in the Accessibility devroom.
• Strobbe, Christophe: Accessible Authoring with LibreOffice: presentation in the LibreOffice devroom at FOSDEM 2011.
• Strobbe, Christophe: Accessibility in LibreOffice: presentation in the >LibreOffice devroom at FOSDEM 2012.
• Iglesias, Alejandro Piñeiro: How GNOME Obsoleted its "Enable Accessibility" Setting (And How You Can Too): presentation in the Cross desktop devroom at FOSDEM 2013.
• Strobbe, Christophe: Accessible Design in Open Source: presentation in the Open Source Design devroom at FOSDEM 2015.
• Strobbe, Christophe: Design for All versus Design for One and Adaptive User Interfaces: presentation in the Open Source Design devroom at FOSDEM 2016.
• Watson, Léonie: Accessibility in Open Source: presentation in the Open Source Design devroom at FOSDEM 2017.
• Behrens, Thorsten; Behrens, Katarina: Accessibility 101 (not only) for LibreOffice developers (FOSDEM on YouTube, 21 minutes, 07.02.2018).
  Recording of a presentation in the Open Document Editors devroom at the FOSDEM 2018 conference in Brussels on 3 February 2018. (Licence: Creative Commons Attribution licence (reuse allowed).)
• Thibault, Samuel: Maintaining accessibility through testing? (FOSDEM on YouTube, 18 minutes, 12.02.2018; Creative Commons licence).
  Recording of a presentation in the Open Document Editors devroom at the FOSDEM conference in Brussels on 3 February 2018. See also Maintaining accessibility through testing? in the FOSDEM 2018 schedule. (Licence: Creative Commons Attribution licence (reuse allowed).)
  This talk gives a very brief introduction to accessibility and points out that accessibility is something that should constantly be kept in mind, just like security and internationalisation. Accessibility needs to be integrated into the development process instead of expecting or assuming that other people will find and fix accessibility issues.
  One way of integrating accessibility into the development process is through regression testing. Many tools and toolkits already enable technical accessibility (the console, GTK 2 and 3, Qt 5 and Java Swing), but the result is not always usable. We also can't expect screen readers to have scripts to fix or compensate for each accessibility issue. There are a number of practices that can help, such as designing an application without initially having a GUI in mind, using standard widgets and making sure that the relationships between widgets are logical. You can also test GUIs by turning on Orca and using only the keyboard, and using speech synthesis with the computer screen turned off. Accerciser is an accessibility explorer for inspecting the accessibility of widgets. However, expecting developers to do this may go a bit too far. For this reason, we need automatic tests in a context of continuous integration. Martin Pieuchot, Hypra and Samuel Thibault (with TDF funding) have workd on GLA11Y (glade accessibility), a tool that checks the accessibility of GtkBuilder .ui files produced e.g. by glade.
• Strobbe, Christophe: Open Educational Resources on Digital Accessibility for Building Your Own Courses: presentation in the Open Source Design devroom at FOSDEM 2019.
• Jonas, Peter; Sabatella, Marc: Accessibility in MuseScore. presentation in the Open Source Design devroom at FOSDEM 2020.
• Ignor, Sarah: Geheimfunktionen für Alexa: Barrierefreiheit im Alltag mit fünf Kniffen, Computer Bild, 03.06.2021.
• Duchateau, Sylvie: Diffuser l’écran et l’audio d’un mobile sur ordinateur ou vidéoprojecteur avec LetsView, Access42, 06.07.2021.
• The Invisibility of Disability, UX Mag, 05.10.2010.
• Understanding Success Criterion 6.1.1: Give a Shit, User Agent Man, 16.08.2019.
• von der Burg, Saskia: Stolperfalle E-Scooter: Den öffentlichen Raum barriereärmer gestalten, vdb Medienbüro, 27.11.2022.
• Cassidy, Johny: Blind news audiences are being left behind in the data visualisation revolution: here's how we fix that, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 17.01.2023.
  Quote: Frank Elavsky, a researcher at the Human-Computer Interaction Institute at Carnegie Mellon University and a recognised expert in the accessibility of visual data journalism believes many organisations following the WCAG guidelines should be going further than compliance and need to be pushing for better accessibility.
• Details/summary polyfill (expandable/collapsible content), Web Experience Toolkit, 2014 (accessed on 23.02.2023).
  This is outdated because the details and summary elements are now supported by common browsers. However, in early 2021, accessibility support was not complete, specifically with regard to the communication of the expanded state and changes in the expanded state. See summary_element (html) on the website Accessibility Support. Was is apparently still needed is a kind of polyfill that adds WAI-ARIA attributes for certain combinations of browsers and screen readers.
• Microdata:
  • Names: the itemprop attribute in the WHAT WG's HTML 5 specification (accessed on 23.02.2023).
  • Microdata, MDN (accessed on 23.02.2023).
  • Getting started with schema.org using Microdata, Schema.org (accessed on 23.02.2023).
  • Book - Schema.org Type, Schema.org (accessed on 23.02.2023).
• Rupert, Dave: So you’ve been publicly accessibility-shamed, Dave Rupert, 27.10.2023.
• Strain, Phil: How accessibility drives innovation (sponsored article), CIO Dive, 16.10.2023.
• Yanagawa, Kenji: Web Accessibility in Japan: What Developers Need to Know, Tokyodev (no date; accessed on 22.12.2023).
• Carter, Dom: Hatiye Garip on accessible illustration and how the creative industry can take action, Creative Boom, 30.03.2023.
• Bovelette, Anne-Mieke: There is no competition in accessibility, Anne Bovelett, 06.01.2024.
• Altinier, Armony: À LIRE ABSOLUMENT 👉Validisme : ce mal français qui n'est pas nommé dans cet article de Handicap_fr, mais qui est parfaitement décrit., LinkedIn, 06.01.2024.
• Cerovac, Bogdan: Mind the accessibility gaps – most of accessibility issues originate in design and how to fix that, Bogdan on Digital Accessibility (A11y), 21.01.2024.
  Quote: Studies show that 67% of accessibility issues originate in design (…).
• Deque Systems Sues BrowserStack for Intellectual Property Theft, Deque blog, 14.02.2024.
  Quote: Deque decided to pursue the case after learning that BrowserStack, a venture-capital-backed company valued at $4 billion, had entered the accessibility testing market in 2023 with a replica of axe DevTools® browser extension, part of Deque’s proprietary accessibility testing product. Similarities between the products reveal that the copying was intentional, pervasive and blatant.
• Foliot, John: Accessibility at Medium however still sucks. (…), comment on Medium is not a publishing tool by Ev Williams, The Medium Blog, May 2015.
• Foliot, John: Respectfully my friend, the problem with this thought piece is that it eventually equates "accessibility" as something that SHOULD be included …, comment on The accessibility stalemate by Christian Heilmann, Christian Heilmann on Medium, 20.07.2021.
• Elizabeth (Dori) Tunstall: Decolonizing Design: A Cultural Justice Guidebook. MIT Press, 2023. (136 pages) ISBN 9780262047692.
• Pater, Ruben: The Politics of Design: A (Not So) Global Manual for Visual Communication. Bis Publishers, 2016. (192 pages) ISBN 978 90 6369 422 7.
• Inklusion & Barrierefreiheit, Der Kinoleitfaden (no date; accessed on 22.12.2024).
• Lancaster, Danny: Rising to the Challenge: The Realities of Being an Accessibility Advocate, d2lancaster, 16.08.2023.
• Nawrat, Allie: Google: ‘I promise you, you’re going to see returns’ on disability inclusion, UNLEASH, 22.03.2024.
• Heilmann, Christian: Learning HTML is the best investment I ever did, LinkedIn, 15.01.2025. (Not primarily about accessibility, although it is mentioned.)

Sections That Have Been Moved to Other Pages

• Accessibility Body of Knowledge and Certificates.
• Universal Design for Learning (UDL).